That boom in coal consumption has made China the world’s biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, overtaking the US. Since the whole thing happened after climate change was well understood and many other countries were trying, however begrudgingly, to reduce their emissions, it really has been spectacularly unhelpful. So let’s not beat about the bush: China has deserved the criticism for its energy policy.
However, there have been a string of more positive stories recently. First of all, that graph doesn’t show the peaking of coal consumption that appears to have happened just in the last couple of years – it could reflect a slowing economy, or it could be the beginning of a decline. Then there’s been the rapprochement in the climate talks, and joint meetings between China and the US appear to have resolved their main differences. There’s a growing concern over air pollution at home, giving the government another big incentive to limit coal consumption. But how much of this is greenwash? Is China just playing along for better PR?
These questions have led to something of a tug of war between climate optimists and pessimists. China leads the world in wind power investment! But China is building more new coal power stations than anyone else! Look at the huge strides in solar capacity! Look at the support for new coal mines in Africa!
There’s a lot at stake in this argument. For those who think that it’s still possible to stop climate change, it’s important to establish that China is changing. Others suggest that China’s ongoing coal use makes any of our own carbonisation efforts pointless – a convenient view for sceptics, of course. Not only do we get to skip all the hard work of cutting emissions, we get to blame any future disaster on China.
What to make of China’s position then? Let’s start with the competing claims about energy. One side highlights the fact that China is the world’s biggest investor in renewable energy. Others say it’s all a front and that China isn’t interested in climate change at all – it’s the world’s biggest investor in coal.
Both of those things are true, and it shouldn’t be seen as a contradiction that China is both the biggest investor in renewable energy and the biggest investor in coal. There’s a good reason why: it’s the biggest country in the world by population, and therefore the biggest energy market. It would be odd if it wasn’t the biggest investor too. We could reasonably expect it to be the world’s biggest consumer of paper, cement, and plastic.
So let’s look beyond the ‘biggest’ and look at proportions. According to the IEA, China invested $90 billion in renewable energy in 2015, and $45 billion in fossil fuel electricity generation. There’s far too much coal in that, but China is still investing 2 to 1 on renewable energy over fossil fuels. The direction of travel is towards clean energy.
That transition is likely to accelerate, as the IEA reckons that China already has enough coal power. Existing coal power plants are idle for half the time on average, and new ones are likely to be underused. This is part of a wider over-investment problem in China, where the economy has relied too much on infrastructure to drive growth. In other words, China’s coal investments may not reflect future emissions. They may turn out to be pointless, and indeed, there have been government efforts to rein in coal power and mining. A huge amount of money may have been wasted, and some might argue that it would have been better spent on renewable energy instead. It’s not quite that simple though, as China is installing renewable energy as fast as it can be integrated into the grid.
Here we see more evidence that China is serious about an energy transition. In order to expand renewable energy significantly and manage energy use well, many countries are investing in a smart grid. The UK opened it’s first digital substation in 2016. China beat us to it by an entire decade, installing its first in 2006. Britain aims to install smart meters in every home by 2020, though at 2.3 million installations so far some suspect we are behind schedule on that. China has already fitted 317 million smart meters, covering 100% of urban households and 70% of rural homes by the end of 2016.
That’s electricity generation. China also spent $15 billion on solar thermal heating, and the country is miles ahead here. 70% of the world’s solar hot water capacity is in China, six times more capacity than the whole of Europe put together. Many Chinese households have leapfrogged straight past gas boilers and their first experience of hot water on tap is solar.
Then you’ve got China’s ambitious plans for a national EV charging network, serving what is now the world’s largest market for hybrid and electric cars – including many car brands unknown to us. Then there are developments in waste-to-energy plants, dozens of new nuclear power stations, and a national circular economy plan. China is one of the only countries in the world to be actively encouraging citizens to eat less meat. For ten years in a row, China has installed more hydropower than the rest of the world combined. Thanks to government subsidies, 100 million people use domestic biogas digesters to supply their main cooking fuel. This year will see the launch of a cap-and-trade scheme that has been many years in the planning.
These are not the actions of a country that is faking its interest in climate change. There’s no denying its massive contribution to global emissions, but there is more to China than coal.
It stands to reason that China would take action eventually, because it has a lot to lose. If current projections for 4 degrees of warming are correct, China’s coastal cities would be devastated. Shanghai, a financial center and the world’s businest container port, would practically cease to exist. The country already struggles with floods in cities, and natural disasters would increase. To the North, the Gobi desert will expand, and China’s air pollution is already compounded by the dust blowing in from the region.
China has all of this to avoid, and much to gain. More advanced economies potentially have more inertia, and more vested interests in fossil fuels. China can be more flexible and can plan long term in ways that democratic countries can’t. With its nuanced view of free trade, China has been able to support all kinds of technologies from solar PV to battery storage to solar cooling. I would argue that China has spotted the opportunities inherent in climate change better than anyone, and has slowly positioned itself to take full advantage. As a report pointed out just last week, five of the six largest solar firms in the world are Chinese. I’ve mentioned the $90 billion China spent on renewable energy at home, but Chinese firms also invested $32 billion in clean energy projects elsewhere around the world. Just as the US owned the oil age, China is going to own the age of renewable energy, selling leapfrogging technologies to the developing world and transition technologies to the West.
In conclusion, China has a complicated role in the unfolding story of global climate change. It’s coal boom has been horrendous, but it should not be seen as the final word on the subject. In time, I suspect we will come to see China as the world’s first renewable energy superpower. Things are moving fast. There is more going on than we generally hear about. And what happens in the coming years will affect all of us.
Photo: Philip McMaster / flickr
The Earthbound Report 
“Just as the US owned the oil age, China is going to own the age of renewable energy”
Touche!
Great. Nice to know that China is racing ahead with clean energy. Renewables worry me however me. The soil needs organic matter, much as plants can do with just nitrogen though they too can also absorb amino acids too, all the other creatures in the soil ,like worms, need their carbs like we do, if well their digestion is more efficient than ours and so they can break down sticks and dry leaves and such instead of lemon cake to get their carbo hydrates. The soil is a warmer place if it contains organic matter because of organic matter breaking down and warming the soil in the process and more comfortable place with organic matter in it to break up clays and softer and damper with the same amoug sands. If we burn organic matter there is less for the soil and as plants gobble up carbon dioxide, looking after soils and so making plants more comfortble is an important measure against global warming.
Also crops take the minerals from soils, fine if they drop were they grow and return those minerals to the soils when they break down but not much good if we remove cut plants to another place. Soils plants need organic matter.
I completely agree on the importance of soil, and it would indeed be self-defeating if too much biomass is burned rather than returned to the soil.
I would see biomass as a transition technology though. It allows us to stop burning coal in our existing power stations, so we can switch away from coal faster. Ultimately though, we’d be adding solar and wind capacity and reducing the need for biomass. Wind and solar are free at the point of use, whereas biomass needs someone to pick it up and deliver it, and will always be more expensive. So in the long term solar and wind ought to be cheaper and win out over biomass.
The Chinese Communist Party’s overriding priority is to stay in power. To be sure of that, it believes it must focus on two things:
1. China’s continued economic expansion – thereby maintaining its rising living standards and especially the radical improvement in the condition of the millions still living in serious poverty – both essential to keep opposition at bay. To achieve that, it believes that fossil fuels must, for at least the foreseeable future, continue to be the main component of its energy mix.
2. Urgent action to solve the severe problem of urban pollution – an increasing source of civic unrest – by ensuring the abatement of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and particulates.
The above, plus the abundant evidence – by word and deed – that the Chinese authorities are unconvinced about the dangers of AGW, explains China’s ‘role in global climate change’.
I think I’ve presented a fairly detailed case for why it’s not as simple as that, but each to their own.
Of course the supporting detail is vastly more complex than my summary. But nonetheless I’m sure the summary explains ‘China’s role in climate change’. For more detail see our discussion here: https://makewealthhistory.org/2016/11/29/six-reasons-why-trump-could-be-won-over-on-climate-change/